Linux 中将用户添加到组的指令

指点云用户44 发表于 2022-7-29 20:51:09

<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">在 Linux 操作系统下，如何添加一个新用户到一个特定的组中？如何同时将用户添加到多个组中？又如何将一个已存在的用户移动到某个组或者给他增加一个组？对于不常用 Linux 的人来讲，记忆 Linux 那繁多的命令行操作真是件不容易的事。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">在 Linux 中，增加用户或改变用户的组属性可以使用 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">useradd</code> 或者 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">usermod</code> 命令。<code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">useradd</code> 增加一个新用户或者更新默认新用户信息。<code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">usermod</code> 则是更改用户帐户属性，例如将其添加到一个已有的组中。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">在 Linux 用户系统中存在两类组。第一类是主要用户组，第二类是附加用户组。所有的用户帐户及相关信息都存储在 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">/etc/passwd</code> 文件中，<code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">/etc/shadow</code> 和 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">/etc/group</code> 文件存储了用户信息。目录 Contents<ul class="toc_list list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: none;"><li><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#useradd_1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(29, 153, 243); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1 useradd 示例 – 增加一个新用户到附加用户组</a></li><li><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#useradd_2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(29, 153, 243); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2 useradd 示例 – 增加一个新用户到主要用户组</a></li><li><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#usermod" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(29, 153, 243); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3 usermod 示例 – 将一个已有用户增加到一个已有用户组中</a></li><li><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#commands" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(29, 153, 243); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="toc_number toc_depth_1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4 附：管理用户（user）和用户组（group）的相关工具或命令</a></li></ul><h2 id="useradd_1" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8125em; padding: 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; color: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-indent: 10px; background: rgb(29, 153, 243); text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px -1px 0px;">useradd 示例 – 增加一个新用户到附加用户组<span class="anchorlink" style="margin: 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px 0.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: transparent;"><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#useradd_1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden; background-color: transparent;">¶</a></h2><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">新增加一个用户并将其列入一个已有的用户组中需要用到 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">useradd</code> 命令。如果还没有这个用户组，可以先创建该用户组。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">命令参数如下：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;">useradd -G {group-name} username</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">例如，我们要创建一个新用户 cnzhx 并将其添加到用户组 developers 中。首先需要以 root 用户身份登录到系统中。先确认一下是否存在 developers 这个用户组，在命令行输入：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># grep developers /etc/group</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">输出类似于：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;">developers:x:1124:</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">如果看不到任何输出，那么就需要先创建这个用户组了，使用 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">groupadd</code> 命令：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># groupadd developers</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">然后创建用户 cnzhx 并将其加入到 developers 用户组：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># useradd -G developers cnzhx</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">为用户 cnzhx 设置密码：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># passwd cnzhx</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">为确保已经将该用户正确的添加到 developers 用户组中，可以查看该用户的属性，使用 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">id</code> 命令：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># id cnzhx</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">输出类似于：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;">uid=1122(cnzhx) gid=1125(cnzhx) groups=1125(cnzhx),1124(developers)</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">前面命令中用到的大写的 G （-G）参数就是为了将用户添加到一个附加用户组中，而同时还会为此用户创建一个属于他自己的新组 cnzhx。如果要将该用户同时增加到多个附加用户组中，可以使用英文半角的逗号来分隔多个附加组名（不要加空格）。例如，同时将 cnzhx 增加到 admins, ftp, www, 和 developers 用户组中，可以输入以下命令：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># useradd -G admins,ftp,www,developers cnzhx</pre><h2 id="useradd_2" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8125em; padding: 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; color: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-indent: 10px; background: rgb(29, 153, 243); text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px -1px 0px;">useradd 示例 – 增加一个新用户到主要用户组<span class="anchorlink" style="margin: 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px 0.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: transparent;"><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#useradd_2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden; background-color: transparent;">¶</a></h2><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">要增加用户 cnzhx 到组 developers，可以使用下面的指令：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># useradd -g developers cnzhx
# id cnzhx</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">输出类似于：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;">uid=1123(cnzhx) gid=1124(developers) groups=1124(developers)</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">请注意如前面的示例的区别，这里使用了小写字母 g （-g）作为参数，此时用户的主要用户组不再是 cnzhx 而直接就是 developers。<ins data-ad-format="auto" class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4902986045244904" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" data-ad-status="filled" style="margin: auto; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-decoration-line: none; display: block; height: 280px;"><ins id="aswift_4_expand" tabindex="0" title="Advertisement" aria-label="Advertisement" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; 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padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; max-width: 100%; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 600px; height: 280px;"></iframe></ins></ins></ins><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">小写字母 g （-g）将新增加的用户初始化为指定为登录组（主要用户组）。此组名必须已经存在。组号（gid）即是此已有组的组号。<h2 id="usermod" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8125em; padding: 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; color: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-indent: 10px; background: rgb(29, 153, 243); text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px -1px 0px;">usermod 示例 – 将一个已有用户增加到一个已有用户组中<span class="anchorlink" style="margin: 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px 0.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: transparent;"><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#usermod" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden; background-color: transparent;">¶</a></h2><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">将一个已有用户 cnzhx 增加到一个已有用户组 apache 中，使此用户组成为该用户的附加用户组，可以使用带 -a 参数的 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">usermod</code>  指令。-a 代表 append，也就是将用户添加到新用户组中而不必离开原有的其他用户组。不过需要与 -G 选项配合使用：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># usermod -a -G apache cnzhx</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">如果要同时将 cnzhx 的主要用户组改为 apache，则直接使用 -g 选项：<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;"># usermod -g apache cnzhx</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">如果要将一个用户从某个组中删除，则<pre style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.625em; padding: 0px 1.625em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 2px; border-top-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(128, 9, 24); border-image: initial; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); overflow: auto;">gpasswd -d user group</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">但是这个时候需要保证 group 不是 user 的主组。<h2 id="commands" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.8125em; padding: 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-style: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; color: rgb(245, 245, 245); text-indent: 10px; background: rgb(29, 153, 243); text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px -1px 0px;">附：管理用户（user）和用户组（group）的相关工具或命令<span class="anchorlink" style="margin: 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px 0.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: transparent; color: transparent;"><a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/#commands" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden; background-color: transparent;">¶</a></h2><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">1）管理用户（user）的工具或命令<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;"><code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">useradd    注：添加用户 adduser    注：添加用户 passwd     注：为用户设置密码 usermod    注：修改用户命令，可以通过usermod 来修改登录名、用户的家目录等等； pwcov      注：同步用户从/etc/passwd 到/etc/shadow pwck       注：pwck是校验用户配置文件/etc/passwd 和/etc/shadow 文件内容是否合法或完整； pwunconv   注：是pwcov 的立逆向操作，是从/etc/shadow和 /etc/passwd 创建/etc/passwd ，然后会删除 /etc/shadow 文件； finger     注：查看用户信息工具 id         注：查看用户的UID、GID及所归属的用户组 chfn       注：更改用户信息工具 su         注：用户切换工具 sudo       注：sudo 是通过另一个用户来执行命令（execute a command as another user），su 是用来切换用户，然后通过切换到的用户来完成相应的任务，但sudo 能后面直接执行命令，比如sudo 不需要root 密码就可以执行root 赋与的执行只有root才能执行相应的命令；但得通过visudo 来编辑/etc/sudoers来实现； visudo     注：visodo 是编辑 /etc/sudoers 的命令；也可以不用这个命令，直接用vi 来编辑 /etc/sudoers 的效果是一样的； sudoedit   注：和sudo 功能差不多；</code><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">2）管理用户组（group）的工具或命令 <code style="margin: 0.1em 0px; padding: 0.2em 0.3em; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Source Code Pro, monospace; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: rgb(238, 238, 238);">groupadd    注：添加用户组； groupdel    注：删除用户组； groupmod    注：修改用户组信息 groups      注：显示用户所属的用户组 grpck grpconv     注：通过/etc/group和/etc/gshadow 的文件内容来同步或创建/etc/gshadow ，如果/etc/gshadow 不存在则创建； grpunconv   注：通过/etc/group 和/etc/gshadow 文件内容来同步或创建/etc/group ，然后删除gshadow文件；</code><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.625em;">将一个用户添加到某个组，即可让此用户拥有该组的权限。比如在<a title="Linode VPS 上 CentOS 6 安装 LAMP + phpMyAdmin 记录" href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/vps-centos-6-lamp-phpmyadmin/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(29, 153, 243); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden;">配置 VPS 上的 LAMP 服务器</a>的时候，运行网站的 apache 用户修改的文件，如果服务器管理用户 cnzhx（可以通过 ssh 登录到服务器）需要修改此文件的话，就可以将 cnzhx 加入到 apache 组中达到目的。<a href="https://cnzhx.net/blog/linux-add-user-to-group/" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(29, 153, 243); border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration-line: none; overflow: hidden;">©</a><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; 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Linux 中将用户添加到组的指令